World Agriculture in the 21st century will confront three noteworthy difficulties: how to encourage a developing total populace.

How to add to decreasing the still–high commonness of provincial destitution on the planet, and how to react to expanded worries about dealing with the regular asset base.

Challenge I: Global food security

The first and proceeding with test confronting world agribusiness is to deliver enough nourishment to sustain the developing total populace. Total populace could contact eight billion individuals by 2025.

About the majority of the expansion of two billion individuals in the following 25 years will be in creating nations. The urban populace in creating nations will ascend by a like number. The ramifications of urbanization are huge for the sustenance framework.

It is assessed that individuals living in provincial zones rely upon their very own generation for in excess of 60 percent of their nourishment supply (just 40 percent is obtained in the market). Individuals living in urban territories, in any case, rely upon the market for near 90 percent of their sustenance supply.

So every time one individual moves from a provincial to a urban setting, required market supplies must increment by a factor of two. Where will this sustenance originate from?

In the event that patterns of the most recent 50 years proceed, extended exchange won’t be the appropriate response. Since 1960 world grain generation has dramatically increased, and world grain exchange additionally multiplied.

Hence the offer of world grain utilization that is exchanged stayed consistent at around 10%. This says by and large, 90 percent of the world nourishment creation is devoured in the nation where it is delivered.

On the off chance that this pattern proceeds, at that point obviously a large portion of the expansion in the sustenance generation must originate from creation frameworks in the nations where the extra individuals will live.

What’s more, where will they live? The greater part of the populace development somewhere in the range of 2000 and 2030 will happen between the Tropic of Capricorn and the Tropic of Cancer, in nations that are as yet encountering fast populace development.

Putting these two “actualities” together proposes that a large portion of the sustenance expected to address expanded issues in the following 25 years must be delivered in tropical and subtropical cultivating frameworks.

We realize that these frameworks are intricate, exceedingly heterogeneous, delicate, for the most part low in efficiency, and commanded by little scale, poor ranchers.

What’s more, to make things progressively entangled, we know substantially less about cultivating frameworks in these locales than we do about frameworks in calm districts.

So the sustenance creation challenge ahead isn’t little or simple. It requires expanding the efficiency of com-plex, low–yielding cultivating frameworks in manners that don’t harm normal assets or the earth.

Challenge II: Poverty reduction

Notwithstanding the quick urbanization anticipated to happen in the coming decades, it will be 2015 preceding the same number of individuals live in urban regions as in country regions.

Starting today, somewhere in the range of 70 percent of the poor are as yet country tenants, most of whom draw a few or the majority of their salary from rural exercises.

Truly billions of little and for the most part poor ranchers live in destitution or close to the neediness line. In this way the second test confronting worldwide agri-culture is to create advances, approaches and insti-tutions that add to releasing horticulture’s maximum capacity as a motor of development. Meeting this test will expect ranchers to approach both household and universal markets.

Challenge III: Sustainable natural resource management

The third test to agribusiness in this new century is to make a lot of advancements, motivators and strategies that urge little scale ranchers to need to focus on the long-run stewardship of the regular assets they oversee. This is basic furthermore, are engaged with overseeing a significant part of the world’s woods and range land.

Horticulture utilizes in excess of 70 percent of the world’s new water, and much bio-assorted variety is contained in rural frameworks. Agri-social exercises impact the limits of for-ests and deserts.

In this manner, the topic of improving the administration of our normal assets is personally attached to improving the efficiency and benefit of little scale ranchers in the creating scene.

How did world agriculture meet past challenges?

The presentation of agribusiness in the course of the most recent 200 years has been exceptional. Total populace has expanded six-crease, and worldwide rural generation has more than kept pace.

Falling genuine grain costs for the majority of the twentieth century are proof of that achievement. The wellsprings of expanded sustenance generation, notwithstanding, have changed.

For instance, for the greater part of the nineteenth century, expanded yield originated from growing the land region underway, and that extended territory was essentially situated in “recently settled territories”— the Americas, Southern Africa and Australia. Science–based agribusiness is extremely a result of the twentieth century.

The new innovation—mechanical, natural, and substance—came in various structures and was received in various successions in various pieces of the world.

It prompted sensational increments in yields in certain pieces of the world. Land territory extension as a supporter of expanded yield declined in significance all through a large portion of the twentieth century.

Advancements to build the power of land use through, for instance, enormously extended regions of inundated farming, assumed a noteworthy job in expanding rural yield over a lot of that period.

Be that as it may, as a rule, in the course of the most recent 200 years, science and innovation have assumed an inexorably significant job in gathering world nourishment needs.

The consequences of these mechanical advancements have been actually very considerable. The 1960s was a period wherein there were critical expectations of starvation, yet the world did strikingly well in giving sufficient worldwide supplies of oats.

From 1960 to 1990, worldwide oat creation multiplied, per capita sustenance accessibility expanded 37 percent, per capita calories accessible every day expanded 35 percent and genuine nourishment costs declined 50 percent.

Indeed, even with these great pointers of by and large worldwide execution, huge territorial contrasts remained. For example, in sub-Saharan Africa, per capita sustenance accessibility diminished somewhere in the range of 1960 and 1990.

The worldwide increases over the 1960–90 time frame originated from the Green Revolution and from quickly extending generation in created nations dependent on ordinary hereditary harvest improvement and strengthened monocultures utilizing elevated amounts of manures and pesticides.

The approach condition in many nations was defensive and internal looking. Ranchers in rich nations were financed, accepting high ensured costs that further energized strengthening.

Can Agriculture Meet the Three Challenges?

Argue that land lost to urban and industrial use, plus degradation of existing land, means that less land will be available in the future. Assumptions about how much land can be subjected to increased intensification through irrigation and/or changed cropping patterns.

Intensification had a big impact over the past 40 years as irrigated area in developing countries doubled and cropping intensity increased. Economic modelers project that this trend will continue, though at lower levels.

Ecologists argue that there will be no more new irrigation but rather increased competition for water and significant land degradation. Assumptions about the impact of environmental degradation on food production capacity.

Economic modelers tend to ignore natural resource constraints. Ecologists see them as big issues. Land erosion and water pollution will reduce yields. Rangelands are overgrazed and fisheries depleted.

In my judgment, the optimists are too optimistic and the pessimists are too pessimistic. Reality suggests that feeding two billion more people will be an enormous challenge.

The bottom line is that virtually all of the increase in production globally will have to come from knowledge–based agricultural intensification, using modern science and biological technology, accompanied by improved capacity to deal with biotic and abiotic stresses.

Land expansion and intensification through capital intensive irrigation simply will not make significant contributions to output.

In fact, we may have to raise output with less land and less water and do it in a resource–friendly way. Can these challenges be met? On the production side, there are four “big ifs” or uncertainties:

1) If we can develop sustainable production systems capable of doubling output. This is an unprecedented challenge for agriculture and biological science.

2) If we have in place domestic and international policies and institutions that do not discriminate against agriculture and that provide appropriate incentives to hundreds of millions of farmers around the world.

3) If we continue to invest in public agricultural research.

for example, through the Consultative Group on International Agricultural Research (CGIAR)—and build stronger partnerships with the private sector to tap the enormous potential of molecular biology.

4) If we stay the course with removing distortions to freer agricultural trade. These will all help to meet the food supply challenge.

Authors: Shahid Majeed, Muhammad Nabeel Saleem, Mudassir Ali and Muneeb shabbir