Chicken Anemia virus is cause of chicken infectious anemia in young chicks. Aplastic anemia characterized by this disease and lymphoid atrophy generalized with concomitant immunosuppression. Secondary viral, bacterial, or fungal infections make this disease more complicated.
By Dr. Hafeez Ur Rehman Ali Khera,Dr. Atif rehman, Abdul Samad, Dr. Khawaja Kashif Hussain, Dr. Asghar Abbas and M.Hamza
Introduction to disease
The disease is controlled by vaccination of breeder chickens so that they can pass on the maternal antibodies to chicks and thus protect them from exposure to the virus in the field. A most common sign of chicken’s Infectious Anemia is that after 14 days infected birds show Anemia. Percentage of red blood cell in the body will remain 6 to 27%.The body of chicken will be yellowish in color due to loss of blood. The time period of disease would be 2-4 weeks.
Cause of Disease
Chicken anemia virus (CAV) belongs to Anelloviridae family commonly known as Gyrovirus having size 25 nm. It is no enveloped uni-stranded, negative sense, circular DNA genome. First it was classified in to circovirus but due to vast differences it is reclassified in Anelloviridae Family. It is consist of three viral proteins.
Ø Viral Protien1
Ø Viral Protein 2
Ø Viral Protein 3
Modes of Outbreak
Transmission of CIA is occur by both vertically or horizontally. There is high amount of virus in stools of chickens which are infected by CAV and those feces are ingested by other chicken through water and feed or virus can be transmit to other chickens by Air. It would take near about 1-2 weeks to infect whole flock. There would subclinical signs of infection which can be observe in the whole flock after 1-2 weeks.
Signs of Disease
Ø Laziness
Ø Low feed intake
Ø Disarrange Feathers
Ø yellow comb, wattles, eyelids or curl up of legs under brooder
- Effect the growth rate
Ø Skin color turns red to blue
Ø Weight of bird gradually decreases
Ø Monotony
Ø Stressed Condition
Ways to find out disease
- Isolation of virus technique
- Polymerase chain reaction
- Enzyme-linked immunoassay.
- By increasing Antibody Titers
- Staining of Immunoperoxidase
Control Measures for CIA
As we know that virus have no treatment so there is no treatment of CIA. It can be control by two methods.
- Biosecurity
- Immunization
Biosecurity
- We should follow the strict rule for bio security.
- No one from outside should enter in the shed.
- Use sanitized equipment.
- Always use one time needle and sanitized needle while doing vaccine.
- Disinfectant should use after one flock during cleaning of house.
- In large farm BBB level of biosecurity should be adopt.
Immunization or Vaccination:
CIA can be control by vaccination. Vaccine is given to the bird through drinking water.
Administration for CIA Vaccination
- Disinfectant may decrease the effect of vaccine so there should not be any traces of disinfectant.
- You should not give water to chicks 2 hours before vaccination.
- Prepare vaccine according to birds strength in the shed.
- Add dye in water which have vaccine as color on beak will determine that those bird drink the vaccined water.
- Add vaccine to water.
- Shake well so vaccine will be dissolve in water.
- Allow bird to dirnk Vaccinated water
- When bird drank those water discharge out extra water from container
References
1: Saeed, Muhammad et al.. Using Guduchi (Tinospora cordifolia) as an eco-friendly feed supplement in human and poultry nutrition Poultry science vol. 99,2 (2020)
2: Schat, Karel A., and Vicky L. van Santen. Chicken infectious anemia and circovirus infections in commercial flocks Diseases of Poultry (2020)
3: K.A. Schat and V.L. van Santen Chicken Infectious Anemia Virus and Other Circovirus Infections . Swayne DE, ed. Wiley Blackwell (2020)
4: Pauly, Maude et al. Cross-species transmission of poultry pathogens in backyard farms: ducks as carriers of chicken viruses Avian pathology : journal of the W.V.P.A vol. 48,6 (2019)
5: Fatoba, A J, and M A Adeleke. Chicken anemia virus: A deadly pathogen of poultry Acta virologica vol. 63,1 (2019)
6: Giotis, Efstathios S., et al. Chicken anaemia virus evades host immune responses in transformed lymphocytes Journal of General Virology (2018)
7: Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics. Gyrovirus ViralZone (2014)